How the research-based pharmaceutical industry works

From research question to medicine

Development progresses through discovery, preclinical work, phased clinical studies, regulatory assessment and ongoing safety monitoring. Most research questions do not become authorized products, and evidence continues to evolve after launch.

• Discovery and laboratory research
• Clinical studies with defined protocols
• Regulatory assessment of quality, safety and effectiveness
• Manufacturing controls and post-market monitoring

Public value and accountability

Industry activity intersects with universities, health systems, regulators, payers and patients. Useful evaluation therefore includes research quality, transparency, access, affordability, safety and measurable health outcomes.